Role of the Quantity Surveyor - 1850 Words

The Role of the Quantity Surveying Profession The origins of the Quantity Surveyor (QS) profession can dated back during the 19th century where from the earlier measurer, a specialist tradesman, who readied schedules for a building project in which all of the construction materials and labour activities and were quantified. Based on this information, competing builders could submit priced tenders. Because all tenders were based on the same schedule of information, they could be easily compared to one another, making it a much simpler way of being able to chose the best bid as it narrowed the variables down (Powell, 1996). While the QS profession owes its origin to the â€Å"measurer† it was until the 1820s that as a profession the QS†¦show more content†¦The contracts and conditions differ from the other two sectors previously mentioned too and it is these things that set this sector apart. This type of work for a QS is more method related than building works with greater use of mechanical plants and temporary works. When a QS pulls together Bill of Quantities there is usually few items of large quantities. Skills of a QS in this field in particular are that they must be conversant with the varying working rule agreements, day work rates and other documents for example the civil engineering procedure published by the institute of civil engineers. Since the 20century began the QS has had a role within the civil engineering contractors. Pre and post contract services are provided to civil engineer client by a QS also. Heavy and Industrial Engineering With this type of work a QS will be working on such projects that include steel plants, off shore oil and gas rigs, nuclear processing, production facilities and power plants to name a few. With the economic downturn affecting all sectors of business of late a huge emphasis on cost control has been placed upon these industries which is where the role of a QS is defined. In this industry sector it isn’t unusual to be referred to as a cost engineer as opposed to a QS. In this sector there is a great focus on computerised measurement and cost admin systemsShow MoreRelatedFinancial Costs of Construction Accidents and the Role of Quantity Surveyor in Safety Investment2493 Words   |  10 PagesFinancial Costs of Construction Accidents and the Role of Quantity Surveyor in Safety Investment Zulaila Binti Ramlan Universiti Teknologi Mara ella261281@yahoo.com Hasni Binti Hasan Universiti Teknologi Mara hasnihasan69@yahoo.com Wan Norlidawani Binti Wan Hassan Universiti Teknologi Mara lida_wani@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Keywords: financial cost, construction accidents, quantity surveyor, safety investment 1. Introduction Traditionally, cost, quality and timeRead MoreThe Importance Of A Quantity Surveyor, By The Royal Institute Of Chartered Surveyors1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe definition of a quantity surveyor, according to the ‘Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors(RICS)’, is a â€Å"...role in which to ensure that the resources of the construction industry are utilised to the best advantage of society by providing inter alia the financial management for projects and a cost consultancy service to client and designer during the entirety of the construction process.† Quite simply, the role of a quantity surveyor is to measure, cost, document and quantify materials andRead MoreDifferent Design Perspectives773 Words   |  3 Pagesmay be lacking Quantity surveyor Quantity Surveyor is a construction cost consultant. The contracts and cost on the construction project, including the beginning startup work to the final figures to complete the project is what the quantity surveyor job consists of. †¢ CONSTRUCTION Civil Engineer/Site Engineer The responsibility is to inspect all the construction work and assure that it is done in full efficiently with the drawings, technical specifications and bills of quantities. Other importantRead MoreThe Responsibilities Of Each Of The Below Professions1543 Words   |  7 Pagesthe responsibilities of each of the below professions: ïÆ'Ëœ Architect ïÆ'Ëœ Architectural Design Technologist ïÆ'Ëœ Quantity Surveyor(Commonly known as a QS) ïÆ'Ëœ Building Information Modelling Coordinator/Manager ïÆ'Ëœ Building Services Manager ïÆ'Ëœ Project/Construction Manager ïÆ'Ëœ Structural Engineer ïÆ'Ëœ Surveyor With the explanation of their responsibilities there will also be information which explains what their role/job is and what they do. I will also be going over how they interact with other professions on a typicalRead MoreIdentifying Skills And Qualities Needed For My 5 Member Team1153 Words   |  5 Pagesessential to be registered with ARB or RIBA, but it would be desirable to have CAD skills. https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk Quantity surveyor If you have a good knowledge of methods and materials in the construction trade, you are well organised and want a professional level job, this job is ideal for you. As a quantity surveyor you will play a key role in a project, managing the costs from the design stage, through to completion. You would make sure that project meets legal standards andRead MoreThe Roles of Qs in Property Dev.2169 Words   |  9 Pagesdecide to go or not to go for a project. Among these profesional team are planning consultants, valuation surveyors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, project managers, solicitors, accountants and occupiers. The roles of Quantity Surveyor in Property Development One of the most profesional team needed the most in any property development is quantity surveyor. The roles of quantity surveyor (QS) also known as cost manager in property development is varies starting from feasibility study toRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Surveyor Technician1017 Words   |  5 PagesAs a surveyor you will play a key part dealing with the expenses from the outline stage, through to hand over stage. You should ensure that the project meets legitimate measures and quality norms, and that the customer gets great money for value. You will require a degree and be certified by the Royal Institution for Chartered Surveyors (RICS) to qualify. You may also have a part time job working as a surveyor technician. You would utilize PC programming to complete some of these assignments, andRead MoreDesign Architecture Designed Company : Sanbano Coolangatta Residences1309 Words   |  6 Pagesseaside view and convenient life style because of the ideal location that is close to the airport, shopping and dinning precincts. The schematic design teams and their roles The schematic design team and procedure The schematic design team is made up of Town planners,Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Market Agents, Project Managers. After finishing the schematic design, DA team can execute the preparation of DA design. On the basic of functional design brief and design conceptRead MoreImpact Of The Uk Construction Industry On The Delivery Of Construction Projects Essay1791 Words   |  8 Pagesfirms in relation to; innovation in design and production, speed, reliability and the provision of value for money. The specific criticisms levelled at quantity surveying firms have been analysed in reports commissioned by the RICS (RICS, 1991 1998). The QS Think Tank Report noted that many regular customers are critical of traditional quantity surveying services. The UK construction industry has started realising the potential benefit from this innovation in Procurement, which moves away fromRead MoreThe Director Of College Of Estate Management Football Club Limited1493 Words   |  6 Pagesaward the contract to a single contractor who will design and construct certain aspects of the project; employing a civil engineering and ME sub-contractors to undertake the specialist works required on the roof. It has been assumed that a Bill of Quantities will not be produced as there is not a detailed design in place; the contractor will take a significant amount of the design portion in designing the roof. Therefore, a works schedule/activity schedule will be produced, depending on the chosen contract

The, By Plato And St. Augustine - 1327 Words

Symposium and Confession describe instances of individuals ascending to a higher level of knowledge only obtained by a select few. Both ascents, written by Plato and St. Augustine, share similar stages, showing how the act of loving beautiful bodies morphs into the love of the soul of another human, which transforms into a love of knowledge, and finally culminates in an enlightened state. However, Augustine’s ascent illustrates how Platonists fail to realize their rise places too much value in loving another human and sees beauty as its own form, instead of a representation of a higher power. Platonists miss the crucial understanding that their advancement to enlightenment only leads to an analogical representation of a greater force, namely, God. The first stage of both ascents requires the loving of beautiful things, specifically beautiful bodies. Augustine begins his ascent saying he approves of the beauty of bodies, whether they are â€Å"celestial or terrestrial† ( Conf. 7.23) even though this is an â€Å"unqualified judgement† (Conf. 7.23). He believes he is not fit to place these judgements on others and ascertains that he cannot even explain why he finds particular bodies beautiful. In the same way, the first step in the ascent described by Socrates is for a man to â€Å"devote himself to beautiful bodies† (Symp. 210B). Socrates is encouraged to love another man for his beauty to begin the ascent of Ä“ros (love). As Augustine continues to examine his judgements on beauty, heShow MoreRelatedPlato And St. Augustine1090 Words   |  5 Pages Plato suggested that values such as justice and right conduct are absolute and beyond the realm of subjective viewpoints. One of his arguments against moral relativism is that it is logically unsound. Plato proposed a multi-layered existence. There is the world of sensory perception, which includes the physical realities of existence. Plato argued for a higher level of being that he understood as a world of forms, ideas or concepts. Plato argued that conduct comes from a reference to this worldRead MoreRelationship between St Augustine and Plato1773 Words   |  8 Pagesbetween St. Augustine and Plato Great philosophers over time have shared ideas about their lifetime. There were no more captivating philosophers than Plato and Augustine who fed off one another. Even though they were born at different times, their ideas impacted the life they lived in and future lives. St. Augustine was a student of the wise Plato, who fed off his ideas and created his own form of philosophy. Plato on the other hand orbited the idea of the theory of forms which, later St. AugustineRead MoreSt. Augustine as the True Heir of Plato Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle and St. Augustine have both been influenced by Plato. Their philosophy on morality, politics, and the purpose of life has been platonically influenced. St. Augustine is the true heir of Plato because he has taken Plato’s ideal state, and revealed the implications of the lives that the citizens of the earthly city lead, in the City of God. Plato’s state is an ideal state, that would not function in reality. St. Augusti ne has taken Plato’s notions, and have furthered the implications of livingRead MoreSt. Augustine Accepts Platonic Concept Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesSt. Augustine was a Christian Platonist. He Christianizes many of Plato’s Greek concepts. In Confessions, St. Augustine used many Neo-plationic terms and ideas but in Book VII is when he finally has a revelation about the similarities of Philosophy and Christianity. In class, we have discussed a number of ways in which St. Augustine accepts the ideas of Plato; one of those being the theory of forms. Plato’s theory of forms describes the divine to be in the invisible, perfect, intangible world. StRead MoreEssay on St. Augustines View of Evil1070 Words   |  5 PagesChristians since the time of St. Augustine of Hippo. In The Confessions of St. Augustine, he initiates this premise and argues in its favor. Discourse about evil is based on the Christian theological teachings of the omniscience, omnipotence, and perfect benevolence of God as well as the understanding that evil is present in this world. Since these four concepts are contradictory, one of them must be rejected. Thus, St. Augustine argues that evil does not exist. I find St. Augustine’s explanationRead MoreGood And Evil : Good Or Evil?928 Words   |  4 Pagespunishment, why would God be attacking the churches and the good people of Lisbon rather than the prostitutes? The people could not stand to think that their God would do such a thing, so the idea was dismissed altogether. Long before the earthquake, Plato proposed another idea as to what evil is. Plato’s idea was based on the fact that the Demiurge, or God, had molds for things like flowers, and birds, and even humans. The Demiurge would take the chaos in the universe and pour it into these molds, givingRead MoreThe Contributions of St. Augustine and Brigid of Kildare to Christianity1003 Words   |  5 PagesThe Contributions of St. Augustine and Brigid of Kildare to Christianity St. Augustine and Bridgid of Kildare were two very influential people in the church during the fourth and fifth centuries. St. Augustine and Bridgid of Kildare were most famous for the monasteries that they founded. Both St. Augustine and Bridgid were devout Christians who contributed greatly to the growth of Christianity. Both of these people encouraged the spread of Christianity, the belief in a life of solitude, andRead More Christianity According to St. Augustine and Machiavelli Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pages In St. Augustine’s book entitled Political Writings, one could see that Christianity plays a very important role in his view of politics. His opinion on the morality or lack of morality in politics, to me makes it more evident that Christianity persuades his views. Although it seems his writings have become quite well known and admired, not everyone fully shared his beliefs. Niccolo Machiavelli, for instance, seemed to believe in a government that was not driven by morality, but more by practicalityRead MoreSt. Augustines important philosophical contributions to defend the philosophy of Christianity.1709 Words   |  7 PagesSt. Augustine made some very important philosophical contributions to defend the philosophy of Christianity. One of these contributions concerned the philosophical problem of evil. Up until St. Augustines time, philosophers questioned the idea proposed by Christians that evil generated in a world created by a perfectly good God. The problem is easy enough to understand, yet slightly more complicated to solve. St. Augustine raised some fairly good propositions to offer an explanation for this questionRead MoreAristotle And St. Augustine846 Words   |  4 PagesAristotle and St. Augustine both wrote philosophical works in order to teach us something that they have learned, in hopes that we will apply it to our own lives. However, Augustine uses a type of autobiographical style in addition to treatise in his works, while A ristotle only uses the treatise style in his works.What were they both thinking when they were writing these famous works? Did they use their respective styles to achieve a goal? Both authors used their work to teach lessons in a way

Travel Life Free Essays

My travel experience During the first time I stepped on the plain I was so exited about it, but when the plane started to fly I cried because I was still 3 years old I was with my dad and my mom I had so much fun traveling then I told my dad can we travel every year he said okay then I became happier and my father kept his promise every year we go traveling in some parts of Asia like Taiwan, hong kong, Singapore, Cambodia, china, Malaysia , Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, and others it was so much fun because you get to see places that you never imagined and I felt so good about it. Two years ago we went to Taiwan, with my father and my cousin during the plane ride our ears was hurting so much I really don’t know why so I went to the washroom and checked maybe my ears where dirty but no I asked my daddy he said it was about some engines in the plane that makes you ears hurt. We arrived at Taiwan early in the morning I was so sleepy then we had to hind our hotel(which was so comfortable and such a good place)then after another day we started exploring some beautiful places in like the garden, and Taipei 101 it was so high and it had the most beautiful view in whole Taipei. We will write a custom essay sample on Travel Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now We only spent 1 week because it was sembreak only in October so I had missed Taiwan ever since. Then last year we went to India my country (that I still really miss so much) for ma little vacation during summer it really felt good to smell the breeze in the place where you (kainda) grow up. Then i felt so good seeing my grand parent’s again in such a long time and also some of my relative like my aunt and uncle but the days did no last long the day we are going back to the Philippines I cried so much because I didn’t want to go back I wanted to live there but I cant my family is here so I have to stick with them as well so every day I kept on calling to know how are they and kept on asking me how is my travel life. My traveling life mearns everything to me because I cannot just stay in one play my whole life because you got a whole life to spent and I what to see the world with it because of what every one say life it to short but not for me because you have to embrace your life to be happy to experience every thing that you did no know about the world the cause that is your life you have to live it in the fullest and no just by traveling one single country but all of it for you to see the world before it stopes in a moment. My traveling experience is no just by going to that place but to fell it you have got to see it fell it and do it ti like then for you to have fun at the fullest that never stopes for to have a memories of what you have being doing your whole life and foe you to have al long and good experiencing life with people you what to be with and people you never you that will become you friends so never think traveling is no just going to different countries but to embrace that country like is is yours. How to cite Travel Life, Papers

Marketing Management Low Prices

Question: Discuss about the Report for Marketing Management for Low Prices. Answer: Overview Marketing includes a variety of progressions concerned with fruitful techniques of outcome of the longings of the customers and as long as they require suitable forms of amenities and the merchandises they desire to gain from the selected association of their prime choice. The publicizing section tends to concentrate on assessable and qualitative exploration with constructive effort to inspect, discuss the ethics with the corresponding regions of clients, and estimate the consequence centered on the mandate of the yields and services (Awa, 2010). It works out meticulously to sort out the loopholes regarding the preparation of new and prevailing artifact while undergoing the developmental pattern of production scheme initiated by the manufacturing division. It remains intimately associated with the needs and visions of the consumers that would bring a behavioral change in the society (The Australian, 2016). Principles and Values of Social marketing Social marketing assembles the configuration of individual benefits alongside with the communal harmony to maintain integral peace and sustainable values with widespread compensations and wellbeing. The ethical and spiritual outlook is largely encouraged to sell the underlying ideologies of marketing perceptions that inspires the public to procure the substances and services linked to them. The perfect modes of delivery and distribution of amenities are founded on the platform of segmentation of consumers with market orientation of specific variables and target setting objectives Berger, 2012). The companies generally aim to launch special programs for amplification of characteristic features of the attributes embedded in the varied pattern of products to enhance the anticipated goals of services according to the required utilities of the elements of the objects. This would bring a drastic change in positive direction and benefit the audience in impending years (Dess, 2012). Promoting of values denote the spectacles of interconnecting the assessment of manufactured goods or provision to patrons for trading. The method involves selecting target marketplaces through analysis of advertisement with market segmentation in addition to understanding of consumer performance and presenting the significance of the item for consumption (www.alia.org.au, 2016). Figure: Social Marketing Method of Amazon (Source: Hayes and Dredge, 2010) The marketing process is based on five simple steps: Market as well as Environmental Investigation: Market with Environmental Examination functions as instrument for both peripheral and in-house environments connected to the group. A detailed analysis comprises a study of the valuation of contestants and expansions that could touch the feasibility of Companys harvests (Chopra and Gajjala, 2012). Setting Marketing objective: The preservative of the objective of advertising pacts with the subsequent queries: What types of components refer to the vending of merchandises and accommodations connected to the products generated by the business institute? What brands them so exclusive? Who does the Corporation desires to sell? Why would the clients purchase the artifact or package from the Firm? (Humphreys, 2013). Locating Marketing Approach: Marketing plan comprises all elementary and long-term accomplishments in the arena of promotion of desired objects. It denotes the examination of the premeditated research of the preliminary condition of the Establishment and the assessment of manufacturing capabilities of the required items alongside the construction of market-oriented policies. This might create prolific advantage to satisfy the aims of the well-designed entity. Marketing Combination: The publicizing assortment is a professional apparatus recycled to regulate merchandise or brands proposition and is connected to value, invention, place, preferment, publics, and procedure with physical indication that has outstanding upshot on advertising purposes and crops the access to efficacious business (www.choice.com.au, 2016). Market Monitoring: Market supervisory practices agree with the dispersal of possessions and amenities by the Establishment. It targets to accomplish specified commercial or radical objectives through measured influence of factors like source, demand, pricing conveyance and fiscal policy set by the Administration. Significant Accomplishments There are distinct conceivable approaches to alignment of marketing design: The manufacturing idea, the artifact concept, the advertising perception and the social publicizing impression. The theory of market alignment is a traditional model in presentation of products and facilities. The Amazon client gratification index displays considerably sophisticated scores in several industrial evolutions. The CEO in Business trusts that his clients need to stand in precedence to other priorities. The functional association delivers a slope of diverse products and amenities on the network that can grip any extent of commuter traffic. It has incessant emphasis on patrons, affiliations, assessment and the trademark itself. Rendering to the principles of Rouen et al (2014), the transactions will endure to cultivate and returns will carry on. Amazon permits the clients to treasure allied books or additional substances on virtually any theme by merely typing strategic words and simplifying the sea rch practice from its enormous databank (Amazon.com. 2016). Its unique marketing scheme consents the firm to locate what the entities desire to purchase and lease them to grant the acquisition of fruitful information of the superfluous descriptions which might generate awareness and significance. It refers to the leading internet oriented Business in the global settings of networking concepts that established a vital landmark in the history of societal marketing. The company initially was founded as an operational bookstore but rapidly diversified its marketing strategies while trading the paraphernalia of DVDs, furniture, VHSs CDs, jewelleries, nutritive substances, toys for the youngsters and kids and distinguished varieties of designed apparels and costumes for discreet age variables. The new design prospects clue to the items for dining, scullery and other domestic yields, but the up-to-the-minute openings are cell handsets, fixtures, and other momentous automated products. The transformation in the present-day family edifice pushes Amazon to shift toward thought-provoking durables and merchandises to preserve the patrons. The brand appearance applies new purpose to accomplish the requirements and a request of the consumers (The Australian, 2016).This noticeably specifies the Businesss outside- in method. The requirements of the patrons are absolute, extended to the degree of presence of an attraction of artifacts for the client. The hottest trading of products comprises higher assessment of key terms and expressions with the imageries which fashion new introductions for the items for consumption and chances to jerk the announcement of deal of yields. The immense scope for selling newfangled goods is equipped by the variety of appearance of trademark of the Business that has accurate value range, high sequestered marker approach, low and moderate level of rivalry, high dimensions of transactional opportunity (Amazon.co.uk, 2016). The groundbreaking era has shaped the dissemination and endorsing method through the functioning and available backgrounds of technocratic stage. It helps the management of organizations like EBay to accomplish their performance strategies of foodstuffs and services in uncomplicated custom. Hayes and Dredge (2010) pointed out that the machinists of the networking design have revolved out as the supporters of the abundant and vigorous interim openings. The distinction of social dissemination put the accent on accumulating an amplified rapport flanked by the advertisement and the manifested buyers. EBay stances as functional trading set in Australia and are designated to achieve the positive outcome of the examination of the prospective influence of social broadcasting on the commercial expansive principles. The delivery of the welfares of these ceremonial contributions throughout the province of structural values across the worldwide stadium proves the implementation of the communal broadcasting of promulgation technique. This is endeavored to determine the concerns of message (Dess, 2012). The customers nurture scholarly aspects concerning the performances of networking applications, the stuff of the schmoozing diplomacies and the probable impact on their routine activities of merchandizing and edges among the consumers and the efficient institution. It cares to increase the scope of allegiance and faithfulness of demeanor amidst the customers. The well-designed institution as eBay concentrates modestly on the collective propagation activated by the promotions alongside the mutual settings of Small screen system, diffusion amenities of Radio-waves, beside the media exchange of communications. But, the promulgation of tendency through itinerant influences of cellular campaigns, electronic messages and web services also improved the contemporary arrangement of commercial infrastructures (Berger 2012). The institution attempts to adapt their prevailing social marketing fabrication method to stimulate the customers. The financial examination of the year 2015 depicts that t he practical incomes of the formation has stirred to rise above US$ 2.19 billion and the nonrefundable retributions of the assembly reproduces the assessment of US$ 1.72 billion. As per the exploratory studies, the proceeds amounts to approximately US$8.59 billion with accrued movables of US$17.78 billion alongside the surpluses that signifies the valuation of US$ 6.57 billion. The message embedded in Buy it, sell it, love it, inspires a positive outlook to understand the actual usage of products and services. Market indomitable approach for social marketing (Source: www.slideshare.net, 2016) The group intends to endorse the profitable appearance sideways with the publicity of the essential evidence concerning the accessible provision and amenities that formulates the phase for cumulative appraisal of product values, clients ethics with communicating strategies of inserted actualities of creative classifications of the changeable substances. The related activities of operational assemblages are introducing innovative attempts to intensify the transactions fringed with the mechanisms for each proportion of share assessment. The schemes presented by the performances of PayPal and GSI empowered the group to express expected customs for cultural promise in the direction of revenue formations and setting the positions for digital business of profitable spots transversely along the network accommodations (Smart Insights, 2013). References Amazon.co.uk, (2016). Amazon.co.uk: Low Prices in Electronics, Books, Sports Equipment more. [online] Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Amazon.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.amazon.com/International-Shipping-Direct/b?node=230659011 [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Amazon.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=596190 [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Awa, H. (2010). Democratizing the New Product Development Process: A New Dimension of Value Creation and Marketing Concept. International Business Research, 3(2). Baker, W., Marn, M. and Zawada, C. (2010). The price advantage. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Berger, A. (2012). Media analysis techniques. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Boulding, W., Staelin, R., Ehret, M. and Johnston, W. J. (2010). A customer relationship management roadmap: what is known, potential pitfalls, and where to go. Journal of Marketing, 69(4), pp. 155166 Chopra, R. and Gajjala, R. (2012). Global Media, Culture, and Identity. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis Dess, G. (2012). Strategic management. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Ebay.com.au. (2016). Electronics, Cars, Fashion, Collectibles, Coupons and More | eBay. [online] Available at: https://www.ebay.com.au/ [Accessed 30.08. 2016]. eDigital Agency - Sydney Australia. (2013). ebay Australia Social Media Strategy 2013 - Take Aways @ Illawarra Digital - eDigital Agency - Sydney Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.edigitalagency.com.au/content-marketing-strategy/ebay-social-media-strategy-2013/ [Accessed 30.08. 2016]. Hayes, J. and Dredge, F. (2010) Marketing and Customer Behaviour. 3rd ed. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Humphreys, L. (2013). Mobile social media: Future challenges and opportunities. Mobile Media Communication, 1(1), pp.20-25. Rouen-Mallet, C., Ezan, P. and Mallet, S. (2014). Toward a deeper understanding of the choice process in child consumers through the concept of the evoked set. Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition). Slideshare.net (2016). eBay's Strategy. [online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/p2045i/ebays-strategy [Accessed 30.08. 2016]. Smart Insights. (2013). eBay case study - Smart Insights Digital Marketing Advice. [online] Available at: https://www.smartinsights.com/ecommerce/ecommerce-strategy/ebay-case-study-2/ [Accessed 30.08. 2016]. The Australian. (2016). The Australian. [online] Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/ [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. The Sydney Morning Herald. (2016). Australian Breaking News Headlines World News Online | SMH.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/ [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. www.alia.org.au, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.alia.org.au/publications.../australian-academic-and-research-libraries-aarl [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. www.choice.com.au, (2016). Australia's leading consumer advocacy group - CHOICE. [online] Available at: https://www.choice.com.au/ [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016].

Biometric Systems Essay Research Paper Biometric SystemsAs free essay sample

Biometric Systems Essay, Research Paper Biometric Systems As defined in Computer Security Basics by O # 8217 ; Reilly A ; Associates, Inc. Biometricss is the usage of a individuals alone physiological, behavioural, and morphological features to supply positive personal designation. Biometric systems that are presently avaiable today examine fingerprints, handprints, and retina forms. Systems that are close to biometries but are non classified as such are behavioural systems such as voice, signature and key stroke systems. They test forms of behaviour non parts of the organic structure. It seems that in the universe of biometries that the more effectual the device, the less willing people will be to accept it. Retina pattern devices are the most dependable but most people hate the thought of a optical maser shot into their oculus. Yet something such as supervising keystroke spiels people don # 8217 ; t head, but it # 8217 ; s non about as effectual. Biometric confirmation is forecast to be a multibillion dollar market in this decennary. There is no uncertainty that fiscal recognition and debit cards are traveling to be the biggest portion of the biometric market. There are besides many important niche markets which are turning quickly. For illustration, biometric designation cards are being used at a university in Georgia to let pupils to acquire their repasts, and in a Maryland twenty-four hours attention centre to guarantee that the right individual picks up the right kid. In Los Angeles, they are utilizing fingerprints to halt public assistance fraud. A neodymium they’re besides being used by frequent concern travelers for rapid theodolite through in-migration and imposts in Holland, and now at JFK and Newark airdromes in the United States. It could besides be used to merely forestall one employee from # 8220 ; pluging in # 8221 ; for some one else, or to forestall person from opening up an history at a bank utilizing a false name. Then there is besides the security entree market, entree to computing machine databases, to premises and a assortment of other countries. The Sentry plan made by Fingerprint Technologies uses several devices at one time. The system first prompts for a user name and watchword. Then they must hold their fingerprint scan lucifer what is on record. They can besides utilize a picture camera for existent clip picture to capture exposure which can be incorporated into the information base. The clip to scan and derive entryway to the edifice return from 6 to 10 seconds depending on what other information the operator wishes the user to come in. The system besides keeps on record three of the persons finger forms incase one of the others is injured. Biometricss is still comparatively new to most people and will stay expensive to buy good equipment until it becomes more popular and the engineering gets better. And as people become more cognizant of how the systems work they will go more accepting of the more unafraid systems and non shy away from them every bit much. The hereafter of entree control security is literally in the custodies, eyes, voice, key stroke, and signature of everyone.

Australian Aboriginal Beliefs and Spiritualties Essay Essay Example

Australian Aboriginal Beliefs and Spiritualties Essay Essay Example Australian Aboriginal Beliefs and Spiritualties Essay Essay Australian Aboriginal Beliefs and Spiritualties Essay Essay The Nature of the Dreaming and its relation to the beginnings of the existence is to show how the Earth and land was formed by their ancient ascendants that rose from their ageless slumber and created life. The Sacred sites are considered to be the H2O holes. stone formations and caves. the utilizations for these sacred sites are burial evidences. ceremonial meeting topographic points and important topographic points such as delivering caves. The Dreaming besides has narratives that help to portray its significance for illustration the Kangaroo adult male or the rainbow snake. Aboriginal Art was considered to be one of the most important things in an indispensable portion of Aboriginal life. the Art was to state great narratives and demo important thoughts and as a manner of learning. Question 2: The importance and significance of the Dreaming to Aboriginal people Is Not merely to move as a signifier of Guidance but it is a manner of life for Natives It fundamentally is their codification of life. It is indispensable to the life of traditional Aboriginal people and their life style and civilization. for it determines their values and beliefs and their relationships with every life animal and every characteristic of the landscape. It is the manner Aboriginal people explain the beginning of life and how everything in their universe came into being. What links the Peoples and the Dreaming together is the natural universe particularly the land to which a individual belongs. Aboriginal people see themselves as related to. and apart of. this natural universe and cognize its characteristics in intricate item. This relationship to the natural universe carries duties for its endurance and continuity so that each individual has particular duties to protect and continue the spirit of the land and the life signifiers that are a portion of it. Apart from this there are over 900 different Aboriginal Tribes in Australia so each of them has their ain belief but that doesn’t mean they exclude others. they all run along the same Belief one creative activity. Question 3: Kanyini is connexions Between the Aboriginal People. lovingness and duties of one and each other. The Australian Documentary ‘Kanyni’ which goes deep into item of how Aboriginal’s lived and connected with the existence. it showed how diverse and how serious the relationship to the land and to their ascendants was and still is. Bob Randall is the chief histrion in the film and portion of the Stolen Generation. The connexion that Natives have with the Earth is inextricable intending that their intent on this land is to travel with the flow of the environment and merely by making this it fulfills the originative fate. We have a wholly different position towards the land and universe compared to the Natives because they see everything as portion of them and that they are all united with everything. In Kanyini Bob negotiations about when the Europeans came into Australia and turned everything upside down making nil but pandemonium. The Aboriginal life style and civilization was destroyed. their Traditions and imposts were abolished. This wholly demoralized the Aborigines because you weren’t merely taking their rights off but their intent and psyche. we broke the connexion. The Dreaming is a portion of all facets of Aboriginal life. The look ‘Dream time’ is most frequently used to mention to the ‘time before time’ . or ‘the clip of the creative activity of all things’ . while ‘Dreaming’ is frequently used to mention to an individual’s or group’s set of beliefs or spiritualty. Aboriginal spiritualty takes form in many signifiers. The Aborigines are one with the land and the land is one with them. It is the land on which we live. the H2O we consume. the Sun. Moon and stars. the life around us and the air we breathe. they are all linked by The Dreaming as The Dreaming is the ground for their being. â€Å"It’s an accelerated procedure ; we’re worried that they will travel excessively fast and they won’t look difficult plenty ( for possible environmental impacts ) . †- Rob Randall Bibliography Coleman. N. 2006. Surveies of Religion. Australia: Science Press. No 2: p16-28 Wikipedia. 2010. Dreamtime. hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dreamtime ( day of the month accessed 10th April. 2010 ) Curriculumsupport. 2010. The Dreaming. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. curriculumsupport. instruction. Naval Special Warfare. gov. au/shared/thedreaming. htm ( day of the month accessed 12th April. 2010 ) .

International Comparative Human Resourcing Report Essay

International Comparative Human Resourcing Report - Essay Example Although people involved in international businesses activities face many issues in the domestic business but due to different social political economic and legal environment, multinationals will need to develop different practices. One of the challenges is to select expatriates and their ability to manage with integrity. Companies have to monitor the social performance of its expatriate managers to ensure that as managers become familiar with the cultural aspects of the country. Here we will take up an organization which is truly of global nature to discuss various HR issues. Ingvar Kamprad opened his furniture retailer IKEA in 1950; it now employs around 70, no. people, operates in thirty countries and generates a turnover of 11 billion Euros. Since its inception in 1950's IKEA has had to deal with the problem of maintaining its unique 'Swedishness' as a competitive advantage and at the same time having to adopt this to the different national cultures in which it has been working. IKEA has over the last 25 years become a global player this is unusual in furniture industry, which is often remains national in character. It has established itself all over Europe including the south and East and in North America. Its biggest single markets are Germany, Sweden and France. It has recently taken over Habitat, its main rival in UK and France. It has adopted the culture and philosophy of consensus decision making. Human resource management practices have reflected the strong Swedish approach with a belief that people like to participate in decision making, like to be respected and take on responsibility. But the company is working in multinational brand its human resource management policies are bound to face some problems. National culture is one such area. A national culture involves a complete system of customs, habitat rules values and belief shared by an overwhelming majority of the countries in habitants. People from different cultures view aspects of life in co ntrasting ways. Cultures even view time differently; some emphasize punctuality while others reflect little sense of urgency. There is considerable literature in cross cultural management. Hofstede is one of the most known theorists in this field. Hofstede's 1981 study, cultures consequences of culture dimensions constructed cultural dimensions; so that culture could be measured along four scales i.e. power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism and masculinity/femininity. Hofstede's after work (2001) includes a fifth dimension, long-term/short-term orientation. Trompenaars and Hampden-turner's (1997) model examine culture with three main domains: relationships and rules, attitudes to time and attitudes to environment. Apart from these theories we have to remember that cultures are not static and change overtime. As countries become more affluent their population becomes more individualistic (Triandis, 2004). International assignees have to learn to work in thre e different cultures- national organizational and professional and these cultures shift in over time. Different cultures hold different conceptions and assumptions about organizations and their management. Hofstede's dimensions of culture can be applied to business practices in different countries to gain some

Technologies for Killing People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Technologies for Killing People - Essay Example Gas weapons, small arms, large guns and weapons of mass destruction are reported to be used more these days. The most lethal and most enigmatic use of technology or biological weaponries is considered to be the use of Zyklon B and other gases in concentration camps of Auschwitz by Germans during the World War II. Zyklon B is actually the German name for a gas called Cyclone B which is a cyanide based pesticide. The Nazi Germans used this gas to kill Jews in the concentration camps of Auschwitz during the holocaust which took 6 million lives of German, Polish and Russian Jews. The chambers in which the Jews were held to be killed by the insertion of Zyklon gas were of two, i.e. the first type of chambers was used for delousing clothes and the other one was utilized for killing Jews on a large scale. The later chambers were also called extermination chambers. Zyklon B is prepared from the extraction of hydrogen cyanide which is also called prussic acid. Before the usage of Zyklon B by Germans, it was used for fumigation purposes in farms where vegetables, fruits and grains are cultivated. Zyklon B is an effective pesticide, which is considered to be carry9ing clouds of Hydrocyanic Acid within each granule1. Germans used Zyklon B in a pallet or diskette form which was thrown into the sealed chambers where hundreds of human beings were held to kill at a time. The pallets were inserted into the room from small windows after which the windows were sealed and a team of physicians used to wait outside the chambers for 20 minutes, in order to ensure that every living organism inside the room is dead. While describing the gassing of Jews from Zyklon B, Hans Stark, the then leader of Western Infantry of German Army, described that when Zyklon B granules were poured into a gas chamber where around 225 Jews were held, the prisoners first started to cry out loud from the fear of death. After 20 to 25 minutes, the voices inside the gas chamber were vanished; this was a hint t hat every living organism inside the chamber is dead2. Beside Zyklon B, other gases were also utilized by Germans to kill their enemies. When the Great War broke up, poison gases were use as an alternative to machine guns and tanks. It is estimated that the largest number of fatalities took place during the World War II were caused by poison gases such as Phosgene and Chlorine. The first world in particular, has been popular as â€Å"The Chemists’ War†. Germans were of the view that gases and chemicals are a better weapon as compare to guns, crafts and tanks, as they kill those enemies as well who are hiding in corners and hinges. Although the process of killing a human being with the help of gases was slow but Germans were persistent that these gases will give more pain to human and will cause psychological defeat to the enemies’ camps. Since the use of Zyklon B, there are numerous chemical weaponries that were developed by human beings to kill other humans. An thrax is another deadly virus or bacteria, which have claimed thousands of lives not only in the modern era and its roots go deep into the usage of the bacteria during the World War II. Anthrax is not only used to kill human beings but it is also considered deadly for the animals. Anthrax

Introduction to Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Introduction to Networking - Essay Example The part of the controller stack is usually implemented in a low cost device, which contains a microprocessor and a Bluetooth radio. The host stack is implemented as an installable package or an operating system. In integrated devices like Bluetooth headsets, the controller and host stack are run on the same microprocessor in order to reduce production costs. L2CAP is used in the Bluetooth protocol stack to pass packets to Host Controller Interface (HCI) or to the link manager. Communication between computers in a fibre channel network utilizes various elements of the fibre channel principles. Fibre channel communication is usually done in units of four 10-bit codes referred to as transmission word. The transmission words enhance passage of information between the systems. In transferring information, it is indispensable for fibre channel communication to comprise some meta-data. This facilitates setting up of links and sequence management. The fibre channel protocol usually transmits data in frames. In addition, the protocol has non-data frames, which are used for messaging and setup purposes (Matthews, 2005). File transfer protocol is a network protocol used in transferring files between two hosts over a TCP based network like the internet (Liang, 2011). It is mostly used in uploading web pages from a private development system to a public web-hosting server. It is built using client-server architecture and uses different control and data connections in the client and server. This protocol describes an internet standard for email transmission across the internet protocol networks. This protocol works best when the receiving and sending machines are connected to a network all the time. This protocol comprises three command sequences, which include mail command, RCPT and data commands. The mail command establishes the return address while RCPT command establishes the recipient of the message. On the other hand,

Users select their destinations

Users select their destinations GROUP ASSIGNMENT PART Study the following case study and answer all the tasks listed. An automated ticket-issuing system sells rail tickets as you find in London underground and over ground railway stations. Users select their destinations and can be pay cash the exact amount or input a credit card and a personal identification number (PIN). The rail ticket is issued and their credit card account charged if the ticket was bought using a credit card. When the user presses the start button, a menu display of potential destinations is activated, along with a message to the user to select a destination. Once a destination has been selected, users are requested to pay cash or input their credit card. In the last case, its validity is checked and the user is then requested to input a personal identifier. When the credit transaction has been validated, the ticket is issued. ambiguities or omissions in the above scenario An automatic ticket issuing system sells rail tickets. Users select their destination, and input a credit card and a personal identification number. The rail ticket is issued and their credit card account charged with its cost. When the user presses the start button, a menu display of potential destinations is activated along with a message to the user to select a destination. Once a destination has been selected, users are requested to input their credit card. Its validity is checked and the user is then requested to input a personal identifier. When the credit transaction has been validated, the ticket is issued. Ambiguities and omissions include: Can a customer buy several tickets for the same destination together or must they be bought one at a time? Can customers cancel a request if a mistake has been made? How should the system respond if an invalid card is input? What happens if customers try to put their card in before selecting a destination (as they would in ATM machines)? Must the user press the start button again if they wish to buy another ticket to a different destination? Should the system only sell tickets between the station where the machine is situated and direct connections or should it include all possible destinations? What type of input device (touch screen vs. keyboard)? Ticket prices Room on train (assumes tickets have times on them) Train departure and arrival times. Do customers buy tickets for a specific train? Or for any trip along the route? (If the latter, then no way to tell if all the seats on a train are sold out, nor can you do seat assignments.) Seat assignments (see above) Print receipt? identified ambiguities in some appropriate way. Function Give customer a rail ticket, and charge credit account or take cash from customer and give the customer, a rail ticket. Description Determine customers destination, calculate the charge for the trip, and charge the customer the appropriate amount. If charge is complete, print the ticket, otherwise, print no ticket, and report error to customer. Inputs Destination, credit card number and PIN. Outputs Tickets, error messages Action Ask the customer for their destination, when input, calculate the total, and prompt to insert a credit card, prompt customer for PIN, prompt customer that the transaction is taking place, if successful print the ticket and return to start state, if unsuccessful, ask customer to swipe their card again and re-input the PIN. If unsuccessful again, prompt that the transaction has failed, and return to start state. Requires Destination, credit card number and PIN Pre-condition None Post-condition None Side effects Charge to the customers credit account user requirements definitions The user requirements for a system should describe the functional and nonfunctional requirements so that they are understandable by system users without any technical knowledge. When we write the user requirement we should not write with technical forms, table or diagrams. We should write in simple language with simple table, forms and diagrams. The actors in the system are the passenger, the counter clerk and the reservation system consisting of form processing, reservation, fare computation, ticket processing, ticket printing, collection of fare amount and posting as sub-systems. The passenger is a passive user-actor who initiates the process and obtains the ticket(s), a goal of measurable value. The counter clerk is an active user-actor, who triggers the system and has the role of issuing the tickets with the responsibility of collecting the correct fare amount from the passenger, which is a measurable value. Predesigned and deployed ticket reservation system at the back end is a system actor-user to ensure that ticket processing is done correctly and different system statuses are updated on issuing of tickets. This actor has an active role and responsibility at the back end. system requirements specifications System requirements Specifications are specified using the standard way of these forms. Function: Issuing Ticket Description: Issuing the ticket when the user select their desired tickets and make the correct payment. Inputs: Destination, child or Adult ,Pay by card or cash Output: Their desired ticket to be issued with their payment receipt Requires : Money Pre- Condition: Ticket will be validate between the user current place and the selected destination, Otherwise user will have to pay the penalty fare. a sequence diagram Scenario 1 This diagram shows about the user wants their ticket from the machine. It shows the interaction between user and ticket machine where user puts the requirement to the machine and the machine gives options back to the user. Scenario 2 This diagram shows the user chose the station and the machine give option back to user needs to choose from following option for e.g return ticket which class user wants to travel. After selecting options the user needs to pay for payment machine give option for eg cash or card. If the user choose card the ticket machine need to validate from card user. Scenario 3 This diagram represents a sequence activity when user buy a ticket using credit or debit card. When the user insert the card. The card is validated with the card issuer the validation of the card is returned to machine which then displays the result to the user. If the card is valid then the user need to enter the pin. The validity of the pin is checked. If the pin is wrong user need to try again. Once completed the user account is credited and the ticket along with the receipt to the user. Non-functional requirements The ticket system shall respond to user inputs to provide tickets and charge accounts in a timely manner. The system shall continue to function so long as roll of ticket paper is in the machine, and a network connection is provided for the destination database and credit transactions. Upon receipt of the destination from the user, the database shall be accessed to determine the distance from the units location, to the desired destination, and calculate the appropriate fee. The unit shall then prompt the user to input their card information, and the unit shall verify that the card is a credit card, is valid, and has sufficient credit to be charged. Upon successful verification, the unit shall print a ticket, and return to its ready state, for the next transaction to take place. The reliability this system relies on the durability of the physical user interface, the network connection in the area the system is placed, the size of the ticket rolls that the unit can accept, and the mecha nism for dispensing the tickets. The estimated time for a complete transaction would be about thirty seconds, giving twenty for the user interactions, five for validation and verification of the users account, and five for printing and dispensing the ticket. Use-cases Requirements validation process. Customer inserts her credit card into the ticket machine. card provider checks the card number. Then the machine asks for the pin-code. User enters the pin-code. Then the ticket machine requests database to validate the credit card. Ticket on processes. customer can use the ticket finaly. A semantic data model Impact if when the customer pays cash As the sequence diagram shows, the customer goes to ticket machine, and he is allowed to not have axact amount, the machine will confirm the amount, go through the check process and issues the ticket with receipt. References and Bibliography: Sommerville (2007), Computer Information Technology in Processors, 8th Edition, www.pearsoned.co.uk, Use Diagram (2010) Unified Approach and Unified Modeling Language. [Online].Available from: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0070583714/214723/144USECASEDIAGRAM.pdf [Accessed 13 Feb 2010]

Role of the Quakers in Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay

The Quakers and Uncle Tom’s Cabin     Ã‚  Ã‚           Ã‚  In this paper, I will examine the choice of using the Quakers as the angelic figures that become the saviors for the black race during the slave movement in Uncle Tom’s Cabin. While examining this topic, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s background of Puritanism becomes the focus for her motivation to change the world around her and her strict discipline of keeping spiritual values as part of her daily existence. The next stage to be discussed is her conversion from conservative Calvinist views to liberal ideals of social reform. This reform captures the spirit of Transcendentalism, the idea of the individual as a divine being changing society to meet with those ideals. Finally, I will touch on the belief of the Quakers and their history and how they became the model of godliness that is portrayed in Stowe’s novel.   In the Haggadah, God creates the world by his word, the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet descending from the crown of God engraved with a pen of flaming fire on the mind of Man (Barnstone 15). Many great writers strive to tap into this inspiration of divine light or intellectual genius to produce works of literary art. The written word from these writers possessed enough power to start revolutions, change public sentiment, and alter the rational thinking of the times. One such writer that changed historical events during the American Renaissance is Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her literary masterpiece, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, caused such enlightenment of the general public to push the United States into Civil War to emancipate the black race from the bonds of slavery. The main source of inspiration for her writings comes from her own personal experiences of life and the deeply... ...y in the end.    Works Cited Barnstone, Willis. The Other Bible. New York; Harper & Row, 1984. Drake, Thomas E. Quakers and Slavery in America . Massachusetts; Gloucester, 1965. Foster, Charles H. The Rungless Ladder; Harriet Beecher Stowe and New England Puritanism. New York; Cooper Press, 1970. Miller, Perry. Errand into the Wilderness. Chicago; University of Chicago Press, 1981. Stowe, Harriet Beecher. "Uncle Toms Cabin." The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. 3rd ed. Massachusetts; Houghton Mifflin, 1998. 2310-2352. Westra, Helen Petter. "Confronting Antichrist; The Influence of Jonathan Edwardà ¢s Vision" The Stowe Debate; Rhetorical Strategies in Uncle Tomà ¢s Cabin. Ed. Mason I. Lowance, Jr., Ellen E. Westbrook, and R.C. DeProspo. 1st ed. Massachusetts; University of Massachusetts Press, 1994. 141-158. Role of the Quakers in Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay The Quakers and Uncle Tom’s Cabin     Ã‚  Ã‚           Ã‚  In this paper, I will examine the choice of using the Quakers as the angelic figures that become the saviors for the black race during the slave movement in Uncle Tom’s Cabin. While examining this topic, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s background of Puritanism becomes the focus for her motivation to change the world around her and her strict discipline of keeping spiritual values as part of her daily existence. The next stage to be discussed is her conversion from conservative Calvinist views to liberal ideals of social reform. This reform captures the spirit of Transcendentalism, the idea of the individual as a divine being changing society to meet with those ideals. Finally, I will touch on the belief of the Quakers and their history and how they became the model of godliness that is portrayed in Stowe’s novel.   In the Haggadah, God creates the world by his word, the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet descending from the crown of God engraved with a pen of flaming fire on the mind of Man (Barnstone 15). Many great writers strive to tap into this inspiration of divine light or intellectual genius to produce works of literary art. The written word from these writers possessed enough power to start revolutions, change public sentiment, and alter the rational thinking of the times. One such writer that changed historical events during the American Renaissance is Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her literary masterpiece, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, caused such enlightenment of the general public to push the United States into Civil War to emancipate the black race from the bonds of slavery. The main source of inspiration for her writings comes from her own personal experiences of life and the deeply... ...y in the end.    Works Cited Barnstone, Willis. The Other Bible. New York; Harper & Row, 1984. Drake, Thomas E. Quakers and Slavery in America . Massachusetts; Gloucester, 1965. Foster, Charles H. The Rungless Ladder; Harriet Beecher Stowe and New England Puritanism. New York; Cooper Press, 1970. Miller, Perry. Errand into the Wilderness. Chicago; University of Chicago Press, 1981. Stowe, Harriet Beecher. "Uncle Toms Cabin." The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. 3rd ed. Massachusetts; Houghton Mifflin, 1998. 2310-2352. Westra, Helen Petter. "Confronting Antichrist; The Influence of Jonathan Edwardà ¢s Vision" The Stowe Debate; Rhetorical Strategies in Uncle Tomà ¢s Cabin. Ed. Mason I. Lowance, Jr., Ellen E. Westbrook, and R.C. DeProspo. 1st ed. Massachusetts; University of Massachusetts Press, 1994. 141-158.